how i feel about me.

REGARDING YOUR OWN PERFORMANCE
1. What were the three aspects of the assignments I've submitted that I am most proud of?
i liked my essay, probably because i felt at home writing it.
i liked doing the calories because i actually am a calorie counter much of the time, so again, i felt right at home.
i also liked that i started ahead of time, but in the next question we'll see the problems i still had with that.
2. What two aspects of my submitted assignments do I believe could have used some improvement?
even though i started earlier, unlike last time (yikes!), i didn't chose to blog anything ahead of time because in my head i "might add on", which i really didn't do. This caused me to become very frustrated when things would not post correctly for me!!! i finally got things to go in the order i want, but i still dont like how my blog looks! i also, but not blogging as i finish things, feel like i might leave things out.
3. What do I believe my overall grade should be for this unit?
i honestly don't know, but hopefully a vast improvement from last time! i feel so much more organized and secure in what i accomplished.
4. How could I perform better in the next unit?
post as i finish!!! that way if something goes wrong, i still have days to fix it.


REGARDING THE UNIT (adapted from Stephen Brookfield, University of St. Thomas "Critical Incident Questionnaire")
At what moment during this unit did you feel most engaged with the course?
i enjoyed this whole section. ihave taken food and nutrition classes before, and for some reason i am always interested in what it's all about.

At what moment unit did you feel most distanced from the course?
probably when reading about blood. For some reason i sometims have a difficult time grasping how the veins really work.

What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit that find most affirming and helpful?
again, receiving reminder emails!

What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit did you find most puzzling or confusing?
not as many reminder emails hahaha.

What about this unit surprised you the most? (This could be something about your own reactions to the course, something that someone did, or anything else that occurs to you.)
i realized that i didnt take pictures of myself in my workout clothes. this isn't puzzling. this is actually another area i need to improve in....READ EVERYTHING MORE THAN ONCE!!

no fast food!!

In our society, I have personally seen how much people have let themselves lean away from the foods that are good for us and towards the quick and easy meals. In my neighborhood alone, I can think of at least seven fast food restaurants that are within five minutes of my apartment. Ironically, there is also a health food store next door. I actually worked there for over a year. This is actually where I saw a lot of these issues come into play.
While working at a health food store, you would think everything in it would be healthy. Wrong. We had a bakery, and like all bakeries, everything was bad for you. Yet our pastries sold out like crazy every single day. Granted, because of the environment I was in, we did also sell veggies and fruits like crazy. And they were from local farmers. But still everyday I was surprised that people would come into the store solely for the pasties when there were so many other options.
I’m human, I enjoy my junk food, but over the past year and a half I have really tried to start cutting things out of my diet. I would say about 2% of the meals I eat are fried, which in itself is a big step. You have no idea how much that makes you have to pay attention to what you eat. I also cut out all meat except chicken, and I’m slowly trying to let that go too. I just feel like these are unnecessary toxins for my body.
There are fast food stores everywhere, and they all have one thing in common…the smell of greasy food when you walk in. Who cares how cheap it is? If this is something you are eating everyday, I really feel that it is going to be a detriment to your health in the long run. I’m not saying don’t indulge on occasion, but just take a step back. We need to focus on all of the farmers that are growing these beautiful vegetables and fruits and start throwing more support towards them and less to the ever growing fast food world, no pun intended. Also, I think everyone needs to focus on themselves and what they are worth on the inside. We are damaging our bodies when we eat the way we do. Our country is obese, we become the group of people to make fat jokes about. We need to regain our pride by taking over our health and get our lives back on the healthy track!

pulse--i had trouble posting this!!!

Introduction:

I decided to chose three activities that i regularly participate in to measure all of these rates. One of the reasons i chose to use these activities is so that i will know if i'm actually getting anything out of my daily workouts.

Hypothesis:

i made very wild guesses at what i thought my heart rate was going to be during my three chosen activities because after comparing my resting pulse to a friend's on the first day, i realized mine is actually a lot slower.

Materials/Method:

I just went about my daily life, but i had one of my friends actually help with taking my pulse to make sure i was doing it correctly. I also borrowed a blood pressure monitor from one of my work friends that is attending a health school in my area.

Results: (pulse)

(resp) (s)

(d)

nutrition chart

breakfast
-sbux cranberry orange scone
-sbux coffee
lunch
-chicken sandwich
-ice cream
dinner
-bbq chicken
snack
-peanut butter sandwich

1) I do not think i have the healthiest diet, but i do actually usually know how many calories i'm intaking. And i don't actually eat a ton of food tlhat's bad for me. My problem is that i snack a lot. I also do not eat enough fruits and veggies. I could work on that and i'd probably snack less.

2)If i changed anything about how i eat, it would be less snacking and more fruits and veggies. And maybe never eating a pastry again :)

3)I do find this helpful. I actually watch my calories most of the time, or at least stay aware of them. For a few years now i have always tried to figure out how many calories i'm taking in because sometimes things will really suprise you in how bad for you they are.

compendium review

Chapter 5

Cardiovascular System
Consists of the heart and blood vessels
The heart pumps blood
Blood vessels take blood to and from the capillaries, where exchanges of nutrients for wastes occur with tissue cells.
Blood refreshes:
At the lungs, where gas exchange occurs.
At the digestive track, where nutrients enter the blood,
At the kidneys, where wastes are removed from the blood.
Lymphatic system
Organ system consisting of the lymphatic vessels and lymphatic organs that transport lymph and lipids and aids the immune system
Types of blood vessels
Arteries
Take blood way from the heart.
Have the thickest walls, therefore they can withstand blood pressure
Arterial wall has three layers
Arterioles
Small arteries just visible to the naked eye
Branch into capillaries
Capillaries
Where exchange of substance occurs
Veins
Take blood to the heart.
Relatively week walls with valves that keep the blood flowing in one direction.
Venules
Small veins that drain blood from the capillaries and join to form a vein
Valves
Allow blood to flow only toward the heart when open and prevent the backward flow of blood when closed
The heart as a double pump
Heart
Cone-shaped muscular organ located between the lungs, directly behind the sternum
Major part of the heart is the myocardium, consisting of mostly cardiac muscle tissue
Surrounded by pericardium, thick, membranous sac that supports and protects the heart
Each side of the heart has an atrium and a ventricle.
The valve keeps the blood moving in the right direction.
Passage of blood through the heart
The atrium receives O2 poor blood from the body, and the ventricle pumps it into the pulmonary circuit (to the lungs).
The atrium receives O2 rich blood from the lungs, and a ventricle pumps it into the systemic circuit.
The heartbeat is controlled
During the cardiac cycle, the SA node (pacemaker) initiates the heartbeat by causing the atria to contract. The AV node conveys the stimulus to the ventricles, causing them to contract.
Ecg—electrocardiogram
Recording of the electrical changes that occur in mydocardium during a cardiac cycle
Features of the cardiovascular system
Pulse
The heartbeat rate
Blood pressure moves blood in arteries
Blood pressure caused by the beating of the heart accounts for the flow of blood in the arteries
Systolic pressure
Reached during ejection of the blood from the heart
Diastolic pressure
Lowest arterial pressure
Blood flow is slow in the capillaries
The reduced velocity of blood flow in capillaries facilitates exchange of nutrients and wastes in the tissues
Blood flow in veins returns blood to the heart
Blood flow in veins is caused by the skeletal muscle contraction, the presence of valves, and respiratory movements
The cardiovascular pathways
The cardiovascular system is divided into the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit
Pulmonary circuit:
Blood travels to and from the lungs
Systematic circuit
The aorta divides into blood vessels that serve the body’s organs and the cells. Venae cavae return O2 poor blood to the heart
Exchange at the capillaries
At the arterial end of the cardiovascular capillary, blood pressure is greater than osmotic pressure
Water leaves the capillary
At the midsection, oxygen and nutrients diffuse out of the capillary, while carbon dioxide and other wastes diffuse into the capillary
At the venous end, osmotic pressure created by the presence of proteins exceeds blood pressure
Water enters the capillary
Lymph is tissue fluid contained within lymphatic vessels.
Lymphatic system is a one way system, and the fluid is returned to blood by way of the cardiovascular vein.
Cardiovascular disorders
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the western countries
Hypertension and atherosclerosis can lead to
Stroke
Small cranial arteriole bursts or is blocked by an embolus
Causes lack of oxygen to portion of the brain and causes that portion to die
Heart attack
Occurs when a portion of the heart muscle dies due to a lack of oxygen
Blood clots



Chapter 6

Blood
Functions-----all help maintain homeostasis
Transports hormones, oxygen, and nutrients to cells
Transports carbon dioxide and other wastes from the cells
Fights infections and has various regulatory functions
Maintains blood pressure
Regulates body temperature
Keeps the pH of body fluids within normal limits
Formed elements of blood
Red and white blood cells, platelets.
Plasma
91% of it is water
Plasma proteins
Most abundant organic molecule in blood
Proteins mostly produced by the liver
Maintain osmotic pressure, help regulate pH, and transport molecules
Functions of proteins
Transport, immunity, and blood clotting
Red blood cells and transport of oxygen
Red blood cells lack a nucleus
Contain hemoglobin
Combines with oxygen and transports it to the tissues
Production is controlled by the oxygen concentration of the blood.
When concentration decreases, the kidneys increase their production of the erythroprotein, and more red blood cells are produced.
Disorders
Anemia
hemolyis
White blood cells and disease defense
Larger than red blood cells
Have a nucleus
Translucent
Granular leukocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils
Abundant and respond first to infections
Agranular leukocytes
Monocytes
Largest white blood cell
Lymphocytes (b and t cells)
Responsible for specific immunity
Diseases
Leukemia
Infectious mononucleosis
Platelets and blood clotting
Result from fragmentation of megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow
Blood clotting
Platelets and two plasma proteins, prothrombin and fibrinogen, function in clotting
Results in fibrin threads, which trap red blood cells.
Blood typing and transfusions
Usually involves determining the ABO blood group and whether the person is Rh- or Rh+
Determining the blood type is necessary for transfusion so that agglutination of the red blood cells does not occur.
ABO blood groups
Type A blood
Surface antigens, plasma has anti-b antibodies.
Type B blood
Surface antigens, plasma has anti-a antibodies
Type AB blood
Both A and B surface antigens, universal donor
Type O blood
Neither type A or B surface antigens, plasma has both anti-a and anti-b antibodies, universal donor
Agglutination
Occurs if the corresponding antigen and antibody are put together
Rh blood groups
Antigen must also be considered when transfusing blood, and it is very important during pregnancy because an Rh- mother may form antibodies to the Rh antigen while carrying or after the birth of an Rh+ child
Homeostasis
Depends upon the cardiovascular syster because it serves the needs of the cells
Also critical
Digestive system supplies nutrients
Respiratory system supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the blood
Nervous and endocrine systems are involved in marinating blood pressure
Lymphatic system returns tissue fluid to the veins
Skeletal muscle contraction and breathing movements propel blood in the veins


Chapter 7
Microbes and pathogens
While performing valuable services, microbes also cause disease
Bacteria
Single celled
Do not have a nucleus
Prokaryotic cells that live and reproduce and independently of host cells
Cause disease by multiplying in the hosts and also by producing toxins
Viruses
Noncellular particles consisting of a protein coat and a nucleic acid core
Take over the machinery of the host in order to reproduce
Can emerge and cause new diseases the human body had difficulty combating
Prions
Proteinaceous infections particles, cause a group of degenerative diseases of the nervous system
Also called wasting diseases
Lymphatic system
Primary lymphatic organs
Red bone marrow, where all the blood cells are made and the B lymphocytes mature
Thymus gland, where the T lymphocytes mature
Secondary lymphatic organs
Spleen, lymphnodes, and other organs such as the tonsils, appendix.
Blood is cleansed of pathogens and debris in the spleen
Lymph is cleansed of pathogens and debris in the nodes
Nonspecific defenses
Barriers to entry
Skin and mucous membranes
Chemical barriers
Inflammatory reaction,
Involve the phagocytic neutrophils and macrophages
Histamine
Chemical mediators release by damaged tissue cells and mast cells, cause the capillaries to dilate and become more permeable

Protective proteins
Complement system
Composed of a number of blood plasma proteins
Specific defenses
Require B cells and T cells, also called B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
B cells and antibody mediated immunity
Activated B cells undergo clonal selection with production of plasma cells and memory B cells, after their B cell receptor combines with a specific antigen
Plasma cells secrete antibodies and eventually undergo apoptosis.
Responsible for antibody mediated immunity
An antibody is usually y shaped and has two binding sites for a specific antigen
Memory b cells remain in the body and produce antibodies if the same antigen enters the body at a later date
T cells and cell mediated immunity
For the T cell to recognize an antigen, the antigen must be presented by an antigen-presenting macrophage, along with an HLA
Activated T cells undergo clonal expansion until the illness has been stemmed.
Two main types of T cells
Cytotoxic
Kills virus infected cells or cancer cells on contact
Helper
Produce cytokines and stimulate other immune cells
Acquired immunity
Active immunity can be induced by vaccines when a person is well and in not immediate danger of getting the disease
Passive immunity is needed when a person is in immediate danger of succumbing to an infections disease
Short lived because the antibodies are administered
Monoclonal antibodies can detect infection and help treat cancer
Cytokines (passive) are used to treat AIDS and to promote the body’s ability to recover from cancer
Hypersensitivity reactions
Allergic responses occur when the immune system reacts vigorously to substances not normally recognized and foreign
Immediate responses are due to lack of antibodies
Delayed responses are due to the activity of T cells
Tissue rejection occurs when the immune system recognizes a tissue as foreign
Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system reacts to tissues/organs of the individual as if they were foreign
Myasthenia gravis
Antibodies attach to and interfere with the functioning of neuromuscular junctions and muscular weakness occurs
Multiple sclerosis
T cells attack the myelin sheath of the nerve fibers and this causes various neuromuscular symptoms
Rheumatoid arthritis
The joints are affected


Chapter 8

Digestion

Organs located within the GI tract
Process requires
Ingestion
Mouth takes in food
Digestion
Mechanical
When food is divided into pieces that can be acted on by the digestive enzymes
Chemical
Begins in the mouth, not completed until the food reaches the small intestine
Movement
Food passes from one organ to the next, and the indigestible remains must be expelled
Absorption
Occurs as unit molecules produced by digestion cross the wall of the GI tract and enter the cells lining the tract
Elimination
Molecules that cannot be digested need to be eliminated by the body
Parts of the tract have four layers
Mucosa
Produces mucus which protects the wall from the digestive enzymes inside the lumen
Submucosa
Broad band of loose connective tissue that contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Muscularis
Contains two layers of smooth muscle
Serosa
Secrete a serous fluid.
First part of tract
In the mouth
Teeth chew the food, saliva contains salivary amylase for digesting starch, and the tongue forms a bolus for swallowing
Air passage and the food passages cross in the pharynx
When swallowing, the air passage is blocked off by the soft palate and epiglottis
Food enters esophagus and peristalsis occurs
Esophagus moves food to the stomach
Stomach and small intestine
Stomach expands and stores food and also churns, mixing food with the acidic gastric juices
Juices contain pepsin---enzyme that digests protein
The duodenum of small intestine receives bile from the liver and pancreatic juice from the pancreas
Bile emulsifies fat and readies it for digestion by lipase
Pancreas produces enzymes that digest starch, protein, and fat
Finishes the process of chemical digestion
Small nutrient molecules are absorbed at the villi in the walls of the small intestine
Three accessory organs and regulation of secretions
Pancreas
Produces pancreatic juice, which contains digestive enzymes for carbohydrate, protein, and fat
Liver
Produces bile, destroys old blood cells, detoxifies blood, stores iron, makes plasma proteins, stores glucose as glycogen, breaks down glycogen to glucose, produces urea, and helps regulate blood cholesterol levels
Gallbladder
Stores bile
Secretions of digestive juices are controlled by the nervous system and by hormones
Gastrin
Produced by the lower part of the stomach stimulates via the bloodstream the upper part of the stomach to secrete pepsin
Secretion and CCK produced by the duodenal wall stimulate the pancreas to secrete its juices and the gallbladder to release bile
Large intestine/defecation
Consists of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum, ending at the anus
Absorbs water, salts, and some vitamins
Forms feces and carries out defecation
Disorders
Diverticulosis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, polyps, and cancer
Nutrition and weight control
Nutrients released should provide energy, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals
Obesity is on the increase because of poor nutrition
Associated with illness such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease
Body mass index
Healthy
19.1-26.4
Overweight
26.5-31.1
Obese
32.3-39.9
Morbidly obese
40 or more
Carbs are necessary but simple sugars and refined starches cause a rapid release of insulin
Proteins supply essential amino acids
Unsaturated fatty acids are protective against cardiovascular disease
Saturated fatty acids lead to plaque, which occludes blood vessels
Vitamins and minerals are also required by the body in certain amounts
Eating disorders
Anorexia
Do not eat
Bulimia
Binging and purging